CHIEF JUSTICES AND JUSTICES, 1845 – Present
Chronological list of those who have served on the Court, including photographs.
Since its creation in 1845, 102 Justices have served on the Court. Thirty four have served as Chief Justice. Four of the latter were not members of the Court at the time of their election or appointment as Chief Justice. Name in italics at the present members of the Court
Joseph H. Lumpkin
1863 – 1867
Hiram B. Warner
1867 – 1868
Joseph E. Brown
1868 – 1870
Osborne A. Lochrane
1871 – 1872
Hiram B. Warner
1872 – 1880
James Jackson
1880 – 1887
Logan E. Bleckley
1887 – 1894
Thomas J. Simmons
1894 – 1905
William H. Fish
1905 – 1923
Richard B. Russell
1923 – 1938
Charles S. Reid
1938 – 1943
Reason C. Bell
1943 – 1946
William F. Jenkins
1947 – 1948
William H. Duckworth
1948 – 1969
Bond Almand
1969 – 1972
Carlton Mobley
1972 – 1974
Benning M. Grice
1974 – 1975
Horace E. Nichols
1975 – 1980
Hiram K. Undercofler
1980 – 1980
Robert H. Jordan
1980 – 1982
Harold N. Hill, Jr.
1982 – 1986
Thomas O. Marshall
1986 – 1989
Harold G. Clarke
1990 – 1992
Charles L. Weltner
1992 – 1992
Harold G. Clarke
1992 – 1994
Willis B. Hunt, Jr.
1994 – 1995
Robert Benham
1995 – 2001
Norman S. Fletcher
2001 – 2005
Leah Ward Sears
2005 – 2009
Carol W. Hunstein
2009 – 2012
George H. Carley
2012 – 2012
Carol W. Hunstein
2012 – 2013
Hugh P .Thompson
2013- 2016
P. Harris Hines
2017- 2018
Harold D. Melton
2018-2021
David E. Nahmias
2021-2022
Michael P. Boggs
2022 – present
Associate Justices
Joseph H. Lumpkin
1845 – 1863
Hiram B. Warner
1845-1853 & 1868- 1872
Eugenius A. Nisbet
1845 – 1853
Ebenezer A. Starnes
1853 – 1855
Henry L. Benning
1853 – 1859
Charles J. McDonald
1855 – 1859
Linton Stephens
1859 – 1860
Richard F. Lyon
1859 – 1865
Charles J. Jenkins
1860 – 1865
Dawson A. Walker
1866 – 1868
Iverson L. Harris
1866 – 1868
Henry K. McCay
1868 – 1875
William W. Montgomery
1872 – 1873
Robert P. Trippe
1873 – 1875
Logan E. Bleckley
1875 – 1880
James Jackson
1875 – 1880
Martin J. Crawford
1880 – 1883
Willis A. Hawkins
1880 – 1880
Alexander M. Speer
1880 – 1882
Samuel Hall
1882 – 1887
Mark H. Blandford
1883 – 1890
Thomas J. Simmons
1887 – 1894
Samuel Lumpkin
1891 – 1903
Spencer R. Atkinson
1894 – 1897
William A. Little
1897 – 1903
William H. Fish
1897 – 1905
Andrew J. Cobb
1897 – 1907
Henry T. Lewis
1897 – 1902
Samuel B. Adams
1902 – 1902
John S. Candler
1902 – 1906
Henry G. Turner
1903 – 1904
Joseph. R. Lamar
1903 – 1905
Beverly D. Evans
1904 – 1917
Marcus W. Beck
1905 – 1937
Joseph H. Lumpkin,II
1905 – 1916
Samuel C. Atkinson
1906 – 1942
Horace Holden
1907 – 1911
Hiram W. Hill
1911 – 1934
Stearling P. Gilbert
1916 – 1936
Walter F. George
1917 – 1922
James K. Hines
1922 – 1932
Reason C. Bell
1932-1938 & 1947-1949
John B. Hutcheson
1934 – 1938
William F. Jenkins
1936 – 1948
Warren Grice
1937 – 1945
William H. Duckworth
1938 – 1948
Samuel D. Hewlett
1942 – 1942
William Y. Atkinson
1943 – 1953
Lee B. Wyatt
1943 – 1960
Thomas G. Head
1945 – 1965
Thomas. S. Candler
1945 – 1966
Lucius C. Groves
1948 – 1948
John H. Hawkins
1949 – 1960
Bond Almand
1949 – 1969
Charles W. Worrill
1953 – 1954
I. Homer Sutton
1954 – 1954
William C. Mobley
1954 – 1972
Joseph D. Quillian
1960 – 1966
Benning M. Grice
1960 – 1974
Julian E. Cook
1965 – 1967
Horace E. Nichols
1966-1975 & 1980-1980
Hiram K. Undercofler
1967-1980 & 1980-1981
John E. Frankum
1967 – 1970
Jule W. Felton
1969 – 1972
Peyton S. Hawes
1970 – 1973
William B. Gunter
1972 – 1977
Robert H. Jordan
1972 – 1980
G. Conley Ingram
1973 – 1977
Robert H. Hall
1974 – 1979
Harold N. Hill, Jr.
1975 – 1982
Jesse G. Bowles
1977 – 1981
Thomas O. Marshall
1977 – 1986
Harold G. Clarke
1979 – 1989
George T. Smith
1981 – 1991
Hardy Gregory, Jr.
1981 – 1989
Charles L. Weltner
1981 – 1992
Richard Bell
1982 – 1992
Willis B. Hunt, Jr.
1986 – 1994
Robert Benham
1990 – 1995 & 2001 – 2020
Norman S. Fletcher
1990 – 2001
Leah Ward Sears
1992 – 2009
Carol W. Hunstein
1992 – 2009 & 2013 -2018
George H. Carley
1993 – 2012
Hugh P. Thompson
1994 – 2013
P. Harris Hines
1995 – 2016
Harold D. Melton
2005 – 2018
David E. Nahmias
2009 – 2021
Keith R. Blackwell
2012 – 2020
Michael P. Boggs
2017 – 2022
Nels S.D. Peterson
2017 – present
Britt C. Grant
2017 – 2018
Sarah Hawkins Warren
2018- present
Charles J. Bethel
2018- present
John J. Ellington
2019- present
Carla Wong McMillian
2020- present
Shawn Ellen LaGrua
2021- present
Verda M. Colvin
2021-present
Andrew A. Pinson
2022-present
The Supreme Court of Georgia History
Although Georgia’s constitution was amended in 1835 to authorize a Supreme Court, Acts of 1835, p. 49, it was not until 1845 that the Legislature established an appellate court, Acts of 1845, p.18. Prior to 1845 a new trial before a new jury in the local court was the only procedure available for the correction of judicial error.
Before 1845 the decisions rendered in the state’s courts were characterized by a lack of uniformity. In 1828 Governor John Forsyth, later Secretary of State under both Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, lamented:
“Under the present arrangement of eight Judges of the Superior Court, each confined to the circuit for which he was elected, supreme in his authority, not bound by the decisions of his predecessors or contemporaries, and not always by his own, while these will be in their turn disregarded by his successor, there can neither be uniformity nor certainty in the laws for the security of the rights of persons or property. . . The confusion produced by contemporary contradictory decisions, everyday increases – property is held and recovered in one part, and lost in another part of the state under like circumstances – rights are asserted and maintained in one circuit, and denied in another, in analogous cases.” Georgia House Journal, 1828, p. 15.
In his message to the General Assembly in 1845, Governor George W. Crawford, as had every governor since 1824, urged the formation of the Supreme Court:
“Eleven Judges, each supreme in his authority and capable of being appealed from himself only to himself, cannot presume to decide with uniformity. Without uniformity law itself is a chance and has been aptly called a miserable servitude. ” Georgia Senate Journal, 1845, p. 11.
Prior to 1801 the judges of Georgia’s superior courts met annually to make rules and reserve points of law which might require argument and a uniform opinion. An act of 1801, however, expressly repealed that portion of the Judiciary Act of 1799 which provided for this procedure and required:
“[A]ll points reserved for argument, and now waiting a decision at the seat of government, be and the same are hereby directed to be sent back to the respective counties from whence they have been sent, and there decided by the presiding Judge.” Clayton’s Digest, p. 38.
Upon the repeal of this procedure for resolving difficult points of law, the judges of the various superior courts began the practice of informally conferring at the annual convention for the making of rules. But the General Assembly sought by resolution to halt even this practice after three superior court judges met “pretending to be in legal Convention” and declared certain acts of the Legislature unconstitutional and void. Georgia House Journal, 1815, pp. 47-50. The apparent hostility of Georgians toward appellate courts in general may have stemmed both from their perceived mistreatment at the hands of the United States Supreme Court in the early landmark case of Chisolm v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 419 (1793), which resulted in the eleventh amendment to the United States Constitution, and the ongoing battle between the Supreme Court and governors of Georgia over the Cherokee Indians. Continued animosity between the Legislature and the superior court judges as well as concern about the expense and delay of litigation were also reasons for Georgia’s delay in instituting an appellate court. Almand, “The Supreme Court of Georgia: An Account of Its Delayed Birth,” 6 Ga. Bar Journal, p. 95.
Once the bill implementing Georgia’s Supreme Court was passed in 1846, enthusiasm soon replaced early skepticism. Although it had been predicted that within ten years the Court would decide all questions of law and thus no longer be necessary, Governor George W. Crawford, in his annual message to the Legislature in 1847, remarked:
“The Supreme Court, whose establishment was so long of questionable utility, in the opinion of several Legislatures, has realized to the fullest extent the expectations of its most steadfast advocates. Its usefulness has proven its necessity. It is reforming the irregularities necessarily incident to the old system of judicature, by impressing the stamp of uniformity on all its decisions.” Georgia Senate Journal, 1847, p. 16.
The General Assembly’s last reservations had apparently vanished by 1858 when an act was passed providing that the decisions of the Court have the force of law: ”
[F]rom and after the passage of this act the decisions of the Supreme Court of this State . . . shall not be reversed, overruled or changed; but the same is hereby declared to be, and shall be considered, regarded and observed by all the Courts of this State, as the law of this State, when it has not been changed by legislative enactment, as fully, and to have the same effect, as if the same had been enacted in terms by the General Assembly. Acts of 1858, pp. 74-75.
The Supreme Court’s first session was held at Talbotton, Georgia, on January 26,1846. The first three judges chosen by the General Assembly to serve on the Court were Joseph Henry Lumpkin of Athens, Eugenius A. Nisbet of Macon, and Hiram Warner of Greenville. Their salaries were set at $2500.00 per year.
At the time of the creation of the Supreme Court, Georgia’s population stood at approximately 800,000. The state was divided into eleven superior court circuits, and the judges of the Supreme Court traveled the state holding court in nine different localities during the course of the year. Travel, which was at each judge’s own expense, amount to over 1,000 miles per year, only 300 of which were covered by railroad. Cases were decided at the term submitted; decisions were handed down from the bench orally and only later reduced to writing. The hardships involved in riding the circuit lasted until shortly after the Civil War when the Constitution of 1865 provided that the Court would sit at the seat of government.
The Constitution was amended in 1896 to provide for the addition of three justices to the Court and to provide that justices and the chief justice would be elected by the people. A seventh justice was added by the Constitution in 1945, and the Appellate Jurisdiction Reform Act of 2016 authorized two more justices for a total of nine.
The Georgia Constitution of 1983 provides that the Supreme Court shall be a court of review and shall exercise exclusive appellate jurisdiction in certain cases. The extent of the Court’s jurisdiction is controlled jointly by the Georgia Constitution and by the Appellate Jurisdiction Reform Act of 2016.
The Supreme Court has jurisdiction in:
- all cases involving the construction of a treaty or of the Georgia Constitution or of the Constitution of the United States and all cases in which the constitutionality of a law, ordinance, or constitutional provision has been drawn into question;
- all cases of election contest;
- equity cases involving a sentence or potential sentence of death;
- all habeas corpus cases;
- extraordinary remedy cases involving a sentence or potential sentence of death;
- all cases certified to it by the Court of Appeals and all cases where the Court of Appeals is equally divided; and
- all cases in which a sentence of death was imposed or could be imposed.
Additionally, the Supreme Court may answer any question of law from the Supreme Court of the United States, any District Court or Court of Appeals of the United States, or any state appellate court and may review by certiorari cases in the Court of Appeals which are of gravity or great public importance.
The Supreme Court has the power to make such orders as are necessary in aid of its jurisdiction or to protect or effectuate its judgments.
STAFF OF THE COURT
Officers of the Court
Clerk/Court Executive. The Clerk/Court Executive is appointed by the Court for a term of six years “unless removed for incapacity, improper conduct, or neglect of duties.” The duties are specified by statute. The Clerk/Court Executive has charge of the Court’s records, keeps the Court’s Minutes, and is the administrative officer of the Court.
Reporter. The Reporter of the published opinions of the Court is appointed by the Supreme Court. The duties are specified by statute. The Reporter serves as the official reporter of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals.
Law Clerks
Law Assistants. The justices are authorized to appoint law assistants to serve at their pleasure. They must be duly qualified attorneys, licensed to practice law in the state at the time of or within one year of their appointment. They are not permitted to practice law while employed by the Court. Their duties are to assist the justices in the research and preparation of matters for decision by the Court.
OPERATION OF THE COURT
The Court operates under Rules adopted by it for its administration and for the guidance of the bar and litigants.
These Rules are on the Court’s website.
For the purpose of hearing oral argument, the Court sits each month, except July. The clerk prepares the calendar of cases to be argued or submitted. The cases are assigned in rotation to the justices for the preparation of opinions, which are based on the decisions of the whole Court.
When a justice prepares an opinion, it is circulated for study to the other justices and, after discussion en banc, is either adopted or rejected by a majority. If a justice is unable to serve in a particular case, or is disqualified, a substitute judge may be designated by the Court to serve.
OFFICE OF BAR ADMISSIONS
The Supreme Court has the duty of setting standards for the admission of attorneys to the practice of law in Georgia. In keeping with this obligation, the Office of Bar Admissions was established by the Supreme Court and given the responsibility of serving as the Administrative Office for the Board of Bar Examiners and the Board to Determine Fitness of Bar Applicants.
The Board to Determine Fitness of Bar Applicants is composed of ten members, six attorney and three non-attorney members and the designee of the chair of the Board of Bar Examiners. The Board to Determine Fitness of Bar Applicants investigates the backgrounds of those persons who desire to be admitted to the practice of law in Georgia and recommends to the Board of Bar Examiners only those applicants who possess “the character and moral fitness to practice law,” which recommendation forms a part of the applicant’s application for admission to the Bar examination.
The Board of Bar Examiners is composed of six members of the State Bar of Georgia, who are learned and experienced and of generally recognized ability and integrity, appointed by the Court for terms of six years each. The Board of Bar Examiners is responsible for the preparation and grading of the Georgia bar examination. This examination is administered twice each year.
Copies of the Rules Governing Admission to the Practice of Law may be obtained from the website of the Office of Bar Admissions.
AUXILIARY AGENCIES
STATE BAR OF GEORGIA
The State Bar of Georgia was created pursuant to an order of the Supreme Court dated December 6, 1963. The State Bar of Georgia was created
- to foster among the members of the Bar the principles of duty and service to the public;
- to improve the administration of justice; and
- to advance the science of law.
The State Bar of Georgia was created as an administrative arm of the Court with the powers and duties prescribed in the order creating it. Information concerning the State Bar of Georgia may be obtained from its website or from its office at 104 Marietta St. NW, Suite 100, Atlanta, Georgia 30303.
JUDICIAL QUALIFICATIONS COMMISSION
The Judicial Qualifications Commission is vested with the power to discipline, remove, and cause involuntary retirement of judges, except that no removal or involuntary retirement shall occur except upon order of the Supreme Court after review. The Georgia Constitution of 1983 provides that any judge may be removed, suspended, or otherwise disciplined for willful misconduct in office, willful and persistent failure to perform the duties of office, habitual intemperance, conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, or for conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice which brings the judicial office into disrepute and further provides that any judge may be retired for disability which constitutes a serious and likely permanent interference with the performance of the duties of office. It also provides that the Supreme Court shall adopt rules of implementation.
The Commission consists of a seven-member Investigative Panel and a separate three-member Hearing Panel. For information contact Ben Easterlin, Director, P.O. Box 2179, Covington, Georgia 30015-2179.
JUDICIAL COUNCIL OF GEORGIA
The Judicial Council of Georgia was established pursuant to Georgia Laws 1973 and came under the Supreme Court’s auspices in 1978. The Judicial Council assists the Supreme Court in planning, policy, and administrative matters. The Council is composed of a member or members representing the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, superior courts, state courts, probate courts, juvenile courts, magistrate courts, and municipal courts.
The Administrative Office of the Courts provides assistance to the Judicial Council and is responsible for studying the courts, assisting court personnel, and making recommendations for improvement of the judicial system. For more information contact the Administrative Office of the Courts, Suite 300, 244 Washington St., SW., Atlanta, Georgia 30334.
THE CHIEF JUSTICE’S COMMISSION ON PROFESSIONALISM
In response to the challenges presented by the perceived decline in lawyer professionalism, the Supreme Court of Georgia and the State Bar of Georgia embarked upon a long-range project to raise the professionalism aspirations of lawyers and judges in the state. In early 1989, the Georgia Supreme Court, acting through the State Bar of Georgia, established the Chief Justice’s Commission on Professionalism. The Commission, the first such body of its kind in the country, has as its primary charge ensuring that the practice of law remains a high calling, enlisted in the service not only of the client, but the public good as well.
The activities of the Commission are as follows:
- working with continuing legal education sponsors to coordinate the production of professionalism courses and materials;
- developing in-house law firm training programs and judicial professionalism programs;
- coordinating the production of State Bar Journal columns and articles;
- developing a database of professionalism materials for CLE providers and other interested organizations, groups, and individuals;
- developing mentoring programs for both lawyers and law students, working with the American Law Institute, the Atlanta Jewish Federation, the Atlanta Bar Association, the Georgia Indigent Defense Council, and other interested organizations;
- serving as liaison to the Joint Commission on Alternative Dispute Resolution;
- planning the Annual Professionalism Convocation;
- producing videos for use by state and national CLE providers
- participating in American Bar Association activities concerning professionalism;
- assisting the State Bar Committee on Professionalism in accomplishing its goals; and
- such other activities as are developed by the Commission.
The Commission is chaired by the Chief Justice and has as members representatives of the judiciary, the practicing bar, the four ABA-approved law schools, and the public. The Commission’s staff may be reached at the State Bar Offices.
GEORGIA OFFICE OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION
In October of 1992, the Georgia Supreme Court created the Georgia Commission on Dispute Resolution to develop and oversee a comprehensive statewide system of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to complement the existing system of justice. The Commission is charged with the following duties and responsibilities:
- to administer a statewide comprehensive ADR program;
- to oversee the development and ensure the quality of all court-annexed or court-referred ADR programs;
- to certify court programs;
- to develop guidelines for court-annexed or court-referred programs;
- to develop criteria for the training and qualifications of neutrals; and
- to establish standards of conduct for neutrals.
The Georgia Supreme Court also created the Georgia Office of Dispute Resolution to implement the policies of the Commission. The responsibilities of the Georgia Office of Dispute Resolution include the following:
- to serve as a resource for ADR education and research;
- to provide technical assistance to new and existing court-annexed or court-referred programs at no charge;
- to develop the capability of providing training to neutrals in courts throughout the state at no charge;
- to implement the Commission’s policies regarding qualification of neutrals and quality of programs;
- to certify and decertify neutrals who will serve in court programs; and
- to collect statistics from court-annexed or court-referred programs in order to monitor the effectiveness of various programs throughout the state.
For more information about the Office of Dispute Resolution contact Tracy Johnson, Executive Director at 404-463-3808 or visit www.godr.org.
STATE JUDICIAL SYSTEM
Under the Georgia Constitution of 1983, the judicial power of the state is vested in these classes of courts: magistrate courts, probate courts, juvenile courts, state courts, superior courts, Court of Appeals, and Supreme Court. Also, the General Assembly may authorize or establish municipal courts, and those municipal courts, county recorder’s courts, civil courts, and administrative agencies in existence on June 30, 1983, may continue with the same jurisdiction until otherwise provided by law. Each county is to have at least one superior court, magistrate court, probate court, and where needed a state court and a juvenile court. In the absence of a state court or a juvenile court, the superior court exercises that jurisdiction.
SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA
See The Court’s Jurisdiction.
COURT OF APPEALS OF GEORGIA
The Court of Appeals was established by a constitutional amendment in 1906. Under the 1983 Constitution it is a court of review and exercises appellate and certiorari jurisdiction in all cases not reserved to the Supreme Court.
The fifteen judges of the Court sit in five divisions of three judges each for hearing and determining cases.
Court of Appeals judges are elected statewide on a nonpartisan basis for six year terms. If a vacancy occurs, it is filled by appointment of the Governor until the next general election. As to qualifications for judges of the Court of Appeals, the 1983 Constitution requires that they shall have been admitted to practice law for seven years and provides that the General Assembly may provide by law for additional qualifications, including a minimum residency requirement.
SUPERIOR COURTS
The superior courts are trial courts of general jurisdiction, handling both civil and criminal law actions. They have exclusive jurisdiction over trials in felony cases, except in the case of juvenile offenders as provided by law; in cases respecting title to land; in divorce cases; and in equity cases. Also, they have such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law.
The counties are divided into 49 judicial circuits, each of which has at least one judge. Some circuits are single county circuits and others are comprised of two or more counties. Sessions of court must be held in each county at least twice a year. The total number of superior court judges is 213.
Superior court judges are elected on a nonpartisan basis in circuit-wide elections for four-year terms. They must have been admitted to practice law for seven years and must reside in the geographical area in which they are selected to serve. Also, the General Assembly may provide by law for additional qualifications.
STATE COURTS
These are courts of county-wide jurisdiction. The total number of state courts judges is 129, and they are located in 71 counties. They have uniform jurisdiction as provided by law.
State court judges must have been admitted to practice law for seven years if elected or appointed after the year 2000 and five years if elected or appointed before the year 2000, and they must reside in the geographical area in which they are selected to serve. Also, the General Assembly may provide by law for additional qualifications.
JUVENILE COURTS
Each county has a juvenile court. Most have separate juvenile court judges.
Juvenile courts have exclusive original jurisdiction over juvenile matters except where the act alleged is a capital offense. The juvenile courts have jurisdiction over many issues related to the best interests of the children of this state, including but not limited to dependency, termination of parental rights, delinquency, children in need of services, competency in delinquency or child in need of services cases, the Parental Notification Act, and emancipation.
Juvenile court judges must have been admitted to the practice of law for five years and must reside in the geographical area in which they are selected to serve. Also, the General Assembly may provide by law for additional qualifications.
PROBATE COURTS
Georgia’s probate courts have varying responsibilities. All of the probate courts administer wills and estates, appoint and oversee guardians and conservators, and issue marriage and weapons-carry licenses. In addition, some of the courts adjudicate traffic offenses and some hear misdemeanor cases. Others handle vital records. Some probate court judges serve as their counties’ Supervisor of Elections.
Each county has a probate court with one probate judge who is elected for a term of four years. Qualifications for this office vary. In larger counties, it is required that the probate judge be an attorney.
MAGISTRATE COURTS
Under the 1983 Constitution, justice of the peace courts, small claims courts, and one county court became magistrate courts. These courts have uniform jurisdiction as provided by law. At present, this jurisdiction includes contract cases and personal property damage, injury, or conversion cases where the amount involved does not exceed a set amount. Also, in criminal cases they may issue warrants and sit as courts of inquiry, binding the accused over to a higher court or discharging him, and they may administer oaths, take affidavits, and perform marriages.
Magistrate court judges are elected for four year terms by the voters of their respective counties.
MUNICIPAL COURTS
Cities and towns in Georgia establish municipal courts to handle traffic offenses and local ordinance violations, conduct preliminary hearings, issue warrants, and in some instances hear misdemeanor shoplifting and possession of marijuana cases. Municipal court judges are often appointed by the mayor, and some are elected. There are more than 350 municipal courts operating in Georgia.